PIGS
HISTORY
The pig or boar-pig
descends Eurasia. The adult male is the 'boar', the female 'slut' and the young
are called piglets.
The pig is fed all
types of organic substance and food waste man ... Or delicatessen, when it is
factory farming.
It is believed that
the pig is one of the first animals used by humans for consumption.
Domestication dates back 4900 years BC. The pigs were divided into three
groups:
Asian pigs: Their
Derivatives vitatus, these races are native to China and Indonesia.
Nordic pigs: Sus
scrofa ferus derivatives, breeds originating in central and northern Europe.
Mediterranean Pigs:
Their Derivatives mediterraneus, these races are from the Mediterranean.
RACES
Duroc
pigs
Origin:
Is a pig from the
United States of America.
Features:
Its coat is usually
red in all its shades.
Very prolific.
It is an animal that
is well adapted to existing conditions.
Good development of
hams.
Production
parameters:
The female weighs 380
kg and males 450 kg.
The number of piglets
per litter is 10 on average.
The carcass yield is
81%.
Pigs
Landras
Origin:
Pork is a native of
Denmark.
Features:
This breed is very
prolific and excellent milk production, so offspring are usually very
vigorozas.
They are very docile
animals which makes working with them.
Excellent feed
conversion, daily gain good.
Production
parameters:
Sows can weigh up to
310 kg and males about 400 kg.
The litters varying
between 9 and 11 piglets on average.
The channel
performance is of 81% approximately.
Pigs
Pietran
Origin:
Belgium is a native
pig.
Features:
It's a bit prolific
race.
They grow slowly.
Produce very tasty
lean meat.
Good development loin
and hams.
Production
parameters:
The female weighs 280
kg and males 300 kg.
The number of piglets
per litter on average is 9.
The carcass yield is
77%.
Yorkshire
pigs
Origin:
Pork is a native of
Yorkshire in England.
Features:
• Very good mothering
ability.
• Numerous piglets
per litter.
• Excellent feed
conversion rate.
• Production of lean
meat.
• prolific.
• Widely used as the
maternal line.
Production
parameters:
• Females weigh on
average 350 kg and males up to 420 kg.
• The litter size
varies between 9 and 11 piglets.
• The carcass yield
is 82% approximately.
AGRICOLA
ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF BANANA
For different ways to participate in food: cooked
(green or ripe) or fresh fruit, for its dual role: food and medicine have been mitigated
by the human hunger for centuries and have conquered the world, the kind of
Banana is considered the king of vegetables.
Bananas and plantains are the number one fruit crop
in the world, both in terms of production, about 98 million tons, and trade,
valued at over U.S. $ 4,306 million.
It is considered that the banana is known
internationally as the fruit of the Banana, was one of the first fruits
cultivated by man, the oldest references concerning Bananas are in the
Ramayana, an epic poem written in Sanskrit centuries.
The magnificent Borobudur Buddhist temple, built in
Central Java, Indonesia, about 850 BC, shows bananas carved stone Buddha
offered to the god.
The victorious armies of Alexander the Great
described cultivation in the lower valley of the Hindus in India, in 327 BC,
where there were already references written between 600-500.
Southern China is another area where the
cultivation of Banana and Plantain goes back to ancient times, the writings of
the reigning period of the Han Dynasty (206-220), mentioned that the
cultivation of Banana and Plantain practiced for over 2000 years. Since ancient
times, its long history of domestication in India and China, and the wide range
of dessert and cooking cultivars that are in those countries, some writers
believed that bananas and plantains were there originally.
Banana diseases
The higher incidence of disease and further damage
to the general Musa are black Sigatoka, Sigatoka disease, elephantiasis,
viruses and Moko. We must understand the difference between pests and disease
as the plague usually represents an attack of insects and other
"bugs" and disease, refers to fungi and bacteria.
Black Sigatoka
Black Sigatoka, treat it in a separate chapter and
Yellow Sigatoka (Micosphaerella mussicolla) is a slightly less aggressive
fungus, but nevertheless attacks the plant leaf, influencing the production and
bunch weight. There are some varieties of Musa yellow sigatoka resistant as
most bananas. These fungi, classified as cercósporas modified, affecting the
photosynthetic production and cause premature ripening step cluster, affecting
the quality of the fruit in the long haul markets such as export. The checks
aims disease, when the plant is at least 10 sheets at the time of belloteo and
six at the time dela harvest.
Moko
Systemic disease is destructive, more severely and
more aggressive that can affect a crop of Musa, including plantains, bananas
and heliconias. It is produced by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, from
the Solanaceae such as tomato, pepper and potato, is transmitted by vectors and
on the ground. Internal symptoms are manifested in the corm and affects all
vascular lesions occurring as spots and points with color ranging from yellow
to dark brown.
BANANA PEST
Banana black weevil
Scientific name: sordidus.
Classification: This insect can be easily
identified by its dark brown color and the size of 1 cm. in length.
Life cycle: This insect makes Holometabola or
complete metamorphosis.
Injuries and damage: The only damaging is the
larval stage. The larvae bore into the mouths chewing banana corm around inside
and stop circulation to the rest of the plant as nutrients absorbed by roots.
Sometimes also drilled areas around the stem, but usually do not penetrate
deeply into it, at least in growing plants.
In severely attacked plants, the central leaves
sprout, grow slowly, the stem grows long and small diameter, no yellowing of
the leaves, the fruits are not fully developed and maturity is premature. There
can be no fruiting and rapid aging of the plant.
Plants perforated yams, despite showing no evidence
of the attack, weaken in their support, so much so, that the wind easily tomb
is, fall under the weight of the bunch, the level break floor, where it is
noted that the rupture zone is drilled from one place to another by irregular
tunnels which are insect larvae.
Banana Thrips
Scientific name: Franckliniella cubensis Hood.
The description of this insect is in the
cultivation of cassava, here only explain the damage caused in the banana.
Injuries and damages: banana thrips oviposition in
young fruit at maturity produces spots or brown spots. If you attack is strong,
the fruit's skin becomes rough and cracked, and the flesh becomes dry in
texture. When the attack is mild, it affects his presence, but does not cause
changes in eating qualities. The attack of thrips can be observed when the
banana is in bloom.
FORESTAL
History
of the timber. Wood is a natural organic material with a cellular
structure, wood is called the set of tissues that form the trunk, roots and
branches of woody plants, excluding the crust. These are classified in wood of
conifers and hardwood timber. Conifers are species belonging to the order
confiérales (fir, spruce, larch, cedar, pine, etc..) Belonging to gymnosperms.
The hardwoods are woody dicotyledonous angiosperms belonging to (oak, elm, oak,
etc..)
Wood
properties. Wood is not a homogeneous material, but consists of a
set of specialized cells in tissues that perform essential functions of the
plant: 'The conduct of the sap. -The processing and storage of products and
support plant life. This heterogeneity in the timber is reflected in their
physical and mechanical properties.
Physical
Properties. The wood can be hard and soft as the tree from which
they are obtained. The wood of deciduous trees is called hardwood and softwood
Softwood is called, regardless of its hardness. Thus many softwoods are harder
than hardwoods calls. Hardwoods have long continuous vessels along the trunk
and not soft, soil extracted elements are transported from cell to cell. The
nodes are areas of the trunk in which the base is formed of a branch. When the
timber is cut into boards knots are discontinuities or irregularities that
appear circular in sales. These tend to weaken the tables and leave holes, so
it is not required, unless resulting colorful for decorative use, covering or
furniture.
Mechanical
Properties. The mechanical properties include the structural
possibilities of the wood, it must take into account the strength, hardness,
stiffness and density. The timber has the following mechanical properties:-Very
high flexural strength, resilience, good tensile and compressive strength
parallel to the fiber. Low-shear strength. -Very little resistance to
compression and tension perpendicular to the grain. -Low modulus of elasticity
than the concrete half to twenty times less than steel. The resistance depends
on how dry the wood is and the direction it is cut with respect to the grain.
The wood is always much stronger when cut in the direction of the grain, which
is why the tables and other objects like poles and handles are cut well. The high
compression strength is needed for building foundations and brackets. The
flexural strength is critical in the use of wooden structures, such as joists
and studs all beams. The oak for example, is very resistant to bending but
weaker compression.
